Showing posts with label Whitney Hill. Show all posts

Stopping The Assault: Public Vengeance for Kelly Thomas



By: Whitney Hill
January 20, 2014

Very few words can sum up my disgust. My hatred. My anger. And with all the emotions that rise to the tipping point of what my consciousness can handle, I am left physically recoiling from the very thought of our police, nay political state. Endlessly questioning on when our cops became the true parody of Dredd, winning the tittles of Judge, Jury and Executioner. What powers have we as an American people given up to be ruled by fear and abused by authority? If our governed figureheads, time after time, choose to make examples of citizens for petty crimes, then why doesn't the unlawful murder at the hands of a cop weigh in the same? Why do we settle on only blaming the cop and not the departments that employ, teach and train them? Surely the Commissioners, Chief Of Police and Legislatures who issue leniency and minimum repercussions towards their own in uniform, gravely affect the outcome of how the following officers carry themselves - conduct their duties.

But alas, I am getting ahead of myself. Frustration in the fingers taking over a taught mollified mind. The beginning and end of this train of thought solely deals with the media and the corporal mistreating of Kelly Thomas. Admittedly, I wonder if maybe I’m only scratching the surface of what consists in this corrupt system.

For those of you who are not aware of the case, Kelly Thomas was a 37 year old, homeless - schizophrenic who was relentlessly taserd and beaten by six Fullerton, California police officers in the Summer of 2011. He unfortunately passed away five days later from the broken bones in his face, and by asphyxiating on his own blood. The coroner would later reveal that Mr. Thomas’s thorax was also compressed which resulted in his brain being deprived of oxygen. If you can stomach the 30 minute surveillance video that captured the whole altercation between Mr. Thomas and the officers, notably Manuel Ramos, Joseph Wolfe and Corporal Jay Cicinelli, you will be heartbroken to witness a man,

calling out for the mercy and aid of his father and God, while a gang of unprovoked police pummel him to his eventual demise.

With heavy media coverage that circulated the video evidence of the altercation and pictures that documented the physical damage of Mr. Thomas, the public demanded reparation. The offending Officer Manuel Ramos was charged with one count second-degree murder and one count of involuntary manslaughter, while Joseph Wolfe and Jay Cicinelli were both charged with one count felony of involuntary manslaughter and one count of excessive force. On January 13, 2014, however, in a succession of disappointing events, a judge dismissed all charges, an appeals court judge denied a request to overturn the lower court's decision and a district attorney announced that the case will not be pursued. We are persuaded to believe that justice was served.

Now tell me, please, if the tables were slightly different and this was a senseless beating of a homeless person by a regular citizen, what would have ultimately happened to that offender? Better yet, lets examine an actual incident that occurred on December 31, 2013. In Hawaii, a 16 year-old and his friends beat to death the 62 year-old homeless Anthony Montero. One of the unnamed teens was arrested and charged with manslaughter. The likelihood that the charges will be dropped is highly unlikely.

If we cast our gaze to the sensationalism that thrives in the veins of the media, we will see a bias pulse that determines what does and does not make national headlines. After all, the media is in the business to make money. Taking an unobstructed look at the Kelly Thomas case, several points need to be made about how the press reported the surrounding events.

1. Due to the harping captions of the media, the identity of Kelly Thomas was reduced to the labels of 'Homeless' and 'Schizophrenic'. Therefore, who he truly was before his devastating demise, is flattened out by his mental illness and financial status – he was sick and homeless before he was a person, or at least that’s what need to be strongly pandered, less ratings falter. Alas, the last emotional tune that plays for this mans life, is pity and one-sided anger towards the corrupt politics of police officers.

But why isn't the media also questioning the dismal state of mental health institutions within California? Surely it can be argued that senseless attacks such as those of Mr. Thomas and Mr. Montero could be avoided – an officer would never be called to make contact or be called - if there were proper inpatient care for the overall 30% of chronically homeless Americans who also have mental illnesses[1]. Of which 5.4% (or 1.3 million) are Californians[2]. In fact, comparison statistics show that in 1955, there was one psychiatric bed per 300 Americans compared to the alarming one psychiatric bed per every 3,000 Americans in 2005. The last time the state of mental inpatient treatment was in such a dismal state was in 1850, when there was only one psychiatric bed per 5,000 Americans.[3]

California Mental Health stats report, "Individuals that have disabling mental illness and are homeless are incarcerated often for nuisance and petty crimes but when offered comprehensive community based treatment and safe housing – the incarceration and homeless rate drops to less than 2%.” Currently 10-20% of California's incarcerated suffer from some mental illness.[4]

So once again, the copious quantities of questions still remain. If it has been continually and statistically shown that the current system that has been set up for mental health care and treatment within California, let alone the US:
A. Is wrongfully incarcerating rather then treating citizens with mental health concerns
B. Is increasing the homeless population
C. Is steamrolling over the number of people who are actively seeking mental health care
D. Putting Police Officers in comprising situations that might end in flawed decisions   
E. Is overall, not effective

...then how come our government is not addressing these concerns? How come the media is not reporting this injustice? Why are deaf ears the only ones listening to this furor?

Earlier, when I asked why we settle on only blaming the cop and not the departments that employ, teach and train them? The pointed blame in fact falls squarely on both the comprehensive police force and the US politicians. Indeed, one hand washes the other, rather than leads by example. If our own government blatantly ignores and belittles its mentally ill and poor citizens, then why would its lawful enforcers treat them any better? Are these the weak-valued, authoritative puppeteers we really want to rely on?

Now before the ol’ bug-a-boo complaint of tax payer money enters the equation, let me point out that according to the 2002 Department of Health report, "currently it costs [California] about $40,000 per year to treat a person with disabling mental illness in a state prison and approximately $120,000 per year for treatment in a hospital. It costs as little as $10,000 per year for treatment through a community based mental health program."[5] Certainly, broken systems are usually more expensive to maintain. I'll let that sink in for a moment.

2. I am bemused by the notion on whether or not the judge’s dismal of Mr. Thomas’s case will play on the medias mind past this Sunday. Of course the news is always changing; there is always something fresh to report. And so we are lead to believe that such utter disrespect, harassment and cold murder of the homeless only happens once in a while.

We are fooled.  According to a 2010 report from the National Collation for the Homeless, the numbers of violent acts reported were 113 followed by 89 non-lethal attacks and 24 fatal ones.[6]

Broken down, the statistical percentages of non-lethal attacks were as follows:

Beatings: 50%
Assault w/ Deadly Weapon: 37%
Shootings: 5%
Rapes/Sexual Assaults: 3%
Multimedia Exploitation: 2%
Harassment: 2%
Setting Victim on Fire: 1%
(In 2007, around 10% of reported incidents involved police harassment and brutality)[7]

Keep in mind, that a majority of these committed hate crimes are from the general public and that since 1999, there have more then a thousand reported attacks against the homeless.[8]

All is not lost though. There has been some traction in the government to squelch these types of hate crimes. In a sadly ironic twist, in 2004, California passed a law mandating police officer training on hate crimes against the homeless - all cops are to watch a two-hour video educating them on how to better serve the itinerant community. Loosing traction, in 2011, California drafted legislation AB 312[9] and AB 2706[10], which allowed for a homeless individual to sue for higher damages if the attack was motivated by hate. Subsequently, both were vetoed by Governors Jerry Brown and Arnold Schwarzenegger.

On a national level, on April 15, 2011, the then preceding Washington State Legislature signed a law that included homelessness to a list of aggravating factors for hate crime examination. In all, this permits judges to impose harsher sentences on offenders.[11]

However, steadily ignoring that this law was the belated response to a slaying of David Ballenger, a homeless 46 year-old man, which actually occurred in 1999 - 12 years earlier. He, like Mr. Montero, was murdered by a group of teenagers who proceeded to beat, choke and stab him up to 18 times. All but one of the offenders is already out of jail.[12]

I call into question the contradictory nature of these laws. Looking at statistics, it seems curious on whether these laws are even being strongly enforced. California officers are specially trained to delicately deal with the homeless population, while judges are allowed to impose harsher sentences for vagrant hate crimes/deaths. Yet for Mr. Kelly Thomas, a death at the hands of officers that could have been easily prevented or at the very least, retributive by sentencing his killers to justice, there is nothing. No media to continually report and question these slaughtered atrocities of human life. No enforced action from our government to fix this broken, cyclical system.

It pains me to admit that history has played the same soulless refrain for the homeless and mentally ill. Two communities that have had to valiantly fight for equal rights and justice, for a voice, only to be shattered by the public hand when combined into one preventable group. Few eyes are there to acknowledge their existence; few backs are there for support and protection. I can’t help but look at my neighbor and question why they think they are above the inevitable change of wind that comes with life. As long as you walk this earth, having a mental illness, being physically disabled or in poor health, can never be avoided. Our minds and bodies do what they please; life itself, does what it please. No level of ignoring those who seek help will ever prevent the future tides from landing you in a similar predicament. So why, I ask, do we disregard, shame, hate, abuse and punish those who are in a different state of being as us? When that time comes for us, may it be old age, mental health, disability, joblessness, homelessness or all of the above, I hope that mercy and understanding will be granted to those who have cast their eyes down on their fellow man. That a tender heart will be there for your mother, father, family and friends who have fallen and called for help from strangers. We cannot let fear of authority stop us from seeking justice from the corrupt.

Finally, I dare not lump every officer, politician and the every-man who have given themselves to the higher cause of universal human preservation against the sycophantic loons of selfishness and barbarianism. These are the voices that will construct societies roots towards change. These are the individuals who will help undo the disparaging labels that have been woefully dropped on the differently able and financially hardshipped alike. For the uncorrupt and kind hearted amongst us, lets never forget the injustice of the Kelly Thomas’s who’ve been beaten down in our society. We fight for them. We invoke change for them.

 If you live in California, find and contact your State Senator for justice and equality here

For additional information, watch 60 Minutes ‘Cook County sheriff tells 60 Minutes 'prisons are new insane asylums' here.




[1]
[1] www.homeless.samhsa.gov/ResourceFiles/hrc_factsheet.pdf
[2]
[2] AB 34 Report from 2002, State Department of Mental Health
[3]
[3] www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=1538&Itemid=68
[4]
[4] www.digital.library.ucla.edu/websites/2004_996_009/CA_Mental_Health_Stats.doc

[5]
[5] AB 34 Report from 2002, State Department of Mental Health
[6]
[6] http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/hatecrimes/hatecrimesmanual12.pdf
[7]
[7] http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/facts/hatecrimes.html
[8]
[8] http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/hatecrimes/hatecrimesmanual12.pdf
[9]
[9] www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0301-0350/ab_312_bill_20130212_introduced.html
[10]
[10]ftp://leginfo.public.ca.gov/pub/0910/bill/asm/ab_27012750/ab_2706_cfa_20100818_105847_sen_floor.html
[11]
[11] http://www.nationalhomeless.org/publications/hatecrimes/hatecrimesmanual12.pdf
[12]
[12] www.realchangenews.org/index.php/site/archives/3401/


Solipsism


 Whitney Hill 
 January 15, 2014

“But I have occasionally caught the senses deceiving me, and it would be prudent for me never completely to trust those who have cheated me even once.”
-       René Descartes     

In our awaken state of mind, with our bodies tolling throughout the day, we rely on our senses, our conscious morally correct mind, each other and ourselves to relay back to us what we see and know.  We trust in the elementary things that have been taught to us from years ago. We act on them and use them as devices to make simple and exquisite decisions.  At the end of the day we retire, slipping into an altered state of mind, we dream of things that could never fully come to term if placed in this world of limitations. We wake and replay each day with only minor differences to tell one another from the last. Our senses drive us through this process; we follow blindly. We are finite.  We are flawed.

 And so here I am, thinking about how out of the past three months, I can literally pin point the days that strayed away from the consistency of the rest. Of how the days that have stood out, have done so through some activity that caused me to be a bit more excitable. Happy and distressed. I imagine Freud would have a field day labeling a disorder for me.  As I write trying to imagine the next sentence, concentrating on each word, I think of how when each day is broken down and examined, my general likes and dislikes heightened, my biggest annoyance has come from those who blatantly lie through some passive aggressive act, just to deal with life. Then I realize that despite myself, half of everything I think and a quarter of everything I believe, somewhere down the line, I am that liar. I am that passive aggressor. I am that person ensnared in this reality, throwing childlike tantrums, subconsciously holding onto the belief that my senses and knowledge would never lead me astray.  According to Descartes, I am wrong.

                                             One: Doubt Everything

Descartes believed that as humans we should doubt everything.  That our dreams throw us into an elaborate world with happenings that can be no more surreal or false, as the world we live in when awake.  The only defining difference mentally, between when I’m awake and when I’m asleep, is nothing more but a flutter of the eyes. The switch between a solid reality to a bemused state of mind. All the actions that I’m performing right now with all the rules of time can bypass my senses and convince me that I’m in nothing more then just a dull dream.  Who’s to say really that my dream is no more real then the waking eyes I perceive as reality?
I suppose Descartes said it best when he so concisely concluded, “ I see so plainly that there are no reliable signs by which I can distinguish sleeping from waking that I am stupefied – and my stupor itself suggests that I am asleep!”[1]

Upon browsing through my cryptozoology  (the study of monsters) book, I discovered that every single last grotesque monster or deformed abomination of a beast that has been brought to life through tales and blurry Polaroid’s were all splices of the eerily familiar. In the twist of our imagination we” try to give bizarre shapes to sirens and satyrs, [we] are unable to give them completely new natures, but can only jumble together the parts of various animals.”[2] Even through our wildest and distorted thoughts our conscious awareness and rationality sets in, our senses, and we helplessly follow under the tangible things in the universe. It seems that through feeble deduction, what is all around false only follows and fortifies what is true.  My dreams and nightmare beasts only prove to me that what I see in my mind’s eye when I am asleep, is that my senses have led me to not only believe for a short amount of time that they are real, but also that through questioning both sides of my conscious and unconscious mind, it’s only fair to say that my failing senses have forced me to consider distrusting everything.

How am I to live in such of a world where I should doubt everything? My senses may deceive me in my dream, but the materialized things I can physically hold in my hand, personally hear, smell, visually see and taste must be real on the grounds of common sense, nay science. Right now I am holding a no. 2 yellow pencil. I can feel this substance that we have universally deemed as wood. It is very smooth under my skin up until it gets to the lead point, where the wood then turns rough while the lead takes on the character of being slick. The pencil is light and when put to my nose I can smell what my brain has long since registered as earthen materials with a painted yellow topcoat. In fact, if I gnaw on the side of the pencil I can so vividly taste and feel the topcoat coloring giving way to my teeth, as they sink into the near fragile wooden device.  I can hear it steadily giving in under my jaw. I can hear the lead whisk and scratch at the paper. My senses are relaying back to my conscious mind as I slowly destroy the pencil. Am I wrong in not assuming that everything I have just experienced has been a falsified moment with no real standing substance? I suppose I could always close my eyes and imagine all of this, grasping at my memory of past senses that have been collected over time regarding this no.2 yellow pencil. But internally, I know the distinction between objects I am touching and objects I wish I were touching. I cannot doubt the existence of this pencil therefore I can’t deny my existence.

I suppose looking at a problem from both perspectives is the knowledgeable thing to do. Just like Descartes dilemma with the mental conception of wax, my pencil is to me. The material of wood and lead are two separate things that have been extracted from the earth, cut down and meshed together. This is true. When the pencil is sharpened, the wood and lead break down even smaller into a fine dust. This goes on until the pencil is completely gone. My concept of what a pencil does is no longer valid because all the properties I have previously listed of what makes a no.2 pencil a no.2 pencil are now no more, or better yet only exist as fragments of its former self.  Through my senses (that have been accurate as far as I can tell), and my conscious intake on how my pencil has changed I am left agreeing and disagreeing in frustration with that the “physical objects are not really known through sensation or imagination, but are grasped by the understanding alone,” therefore “ I can’t know anything more easily or plainly then my mind.”[3] In spite of myself, Descartes has deemed to be right.

                                  Two: I Can’t Doubt That I’m Doubting

In doubting everything, at least trying to doubt everything, is not plausible.  I suppose it’s not plausible because in my mind I am still uncertain if doubting everything is something I can personally accept. Going around in circles in my head, defining my idea of what a pencil is and defining my dreams, I contradict myself. It seems however, in philosophy that is a very common thing. Descartes even goes back and states that despite doubting everything, “ there is thinking, and thought alone cannot be taken away from me. I am, I exist.”[4] My existence has now been proven through my thought alone.

As my mind zips around each new thought that enters my head and my eyelids began to flicker up and down with indecision, I come to question if my existence could exist outside of my body. An odd thought indeed, but hear me out. Physically my being takes up space. My presence has materialized through a nine- month time frame in which I begun to steadily grow from nothing more but an egg and sperm. Before that however, I did not exist, took up no room and was nothing more then an un-thought thought. I came to be what I am now over a twenty- four year time frame. As I get older I grow and need more energy and space from sources outside of myself to live. But this of course is how everyone comes into existence. The only difference is my personality, which derives from not my physical, but from my mental. It is my mind, my consciousness alone, that has taken in and emotionally registered the things around me, that has stored my memories, that has made me an individual internally, while relatively being the same as everyone else externally.

  I feel like our bodies are nothing more then marionettes on this earth. Our minds/consciousness are the unseen puppeteers. On an alternate world, perhaps our dreams where our bodies lay dormant while our minds take on their physical life; we are controlled. Just like a parasite to its host, our body leaches on to our mind in the most unconventional way. Decaying over time, gaining new physical ailments and ultimately dyeing, our bodies wither away while our minds free of it’s parasite, returns to that alternate world where our beings can only reach when asleep. Perhaps then that is why when we are slumbering, we dream of people that physically have left us and of events that have yet to exist. My spirit you can say has gone to a place unlike heaven. All the minds of the dead and living are linked through the alternative world of the cognizant. My existence derives from my mental confirmation. My existence derives from my unconscious mind. But I digress.


                    Three: I Am A Thinking Thing- A Mind, Mental Substance

It’s a bit odd I suppose. I mean of course, my internal understanding of who and what I am. My thoughts have persuaded and so delicately manipulated my internal senses and the way that I behave so much, that I have so stubbornly held on and believed in all honesty that no other living, breathing human being must possibly think or be the same as I. I’m sure it’s safe to say that this type of conceitedness does not escape me alone. 

For instance, babies for a period of time have no concept of any real space or distinction of themselves from other people. Their ignorance leads them to believe in their fragile mind that only they exist and rule the forces outside of themselves. Children, keeping up with the silly ignorance of their earlier years, for the most part yearn for others to supply them with things to uphold their existence. Being co-dependent and selfish, from no fault of their own, they expect food, shelter, being nurtured and emotionally validated and find it hard to break that habit as they become older. As for adults, take how I previously viewed my self.  From years of being pampered, I have taken on the role mentally that I am this unique individual that stands on top of the jungle gym as to say, with infinite possibilities and control over my domain. I take for granted my free will and brashness will never falter. On the outside when it comes to interacting with other overgrown children, I have learned that selfishness and pompous pride will not get me far in my ultimate quest of happiness and mental peace, i.e. disrupt my satisfaction with my environment. To live life is to be compromised.

  Never the less though, how I view my self and the world around me confirms on some level not only my existence through both mental and physical acknowledgement (as stated above), but also that overall “…I am a thinking thing- a thing that doubts, affirms, denies, understands a few things, is ignorant of many things, wills and refuses.” [5] Being a singular object moving through time and space while identifying myself by using words like “I” and “me,” I cement my own importance in myself and my standing in this world. By recognizing my own mind and body, feelings and senses, wants and needs, I constantly affirm that I am indeed real. My dreams affirm that my mental conception on all of the above is valid.  I exist through will!

In our awaken state of mind, with our bodies tolling throughout the day, we rely on our senses, our conscious morally correct mind, each other and ourselves to relay back to us what we see and know.  We exist in this infinite universe by our own mind that transcends what the human eye fails to see. Our senses.  “I” symbolizes more then just self-recognition to a bookmark of who we are in this world full of other “I’s.” I am a passive aggressor because inside I am still that disrupted child awaken from a nightmare trying to get even. I’m constantly tricked by my senses leading me to doubt everything, while at the same time doubting my senses will trick me. I am alive and full of life thinking so smugly, that the pulse from my bleeding heart will only expire when my body gives way to the threats of itself or others, rather than thinking that my mind would betray itself and shake loose the parasitic appendage called my body. I fear what the answer really is. And when the time finally comes, shriveled veins dried of life, numb eyes examining a nothingness that has been currently unknown to me; my passing death. I can only hope that my soul, my consciousness, my mind will finally be able to answer with confidence if I truly was living in a dream world built only upon my own understanding of self.  If that deadened thud of cerebral apprehension was the cause of my ultimate doubt. If I ever even existed to others as much as I existed to myself.  However, until that time comes, I can only mentally confirm silently, cogito ergo sum.

Read more at Sporkability





[1]Meditations Of First Philosophy, page 113
[2] Meditations Of First Philosophy, page 114
[3] Mediations Of First Philosophy, page 117
[4] Mediations Of First Philosophy, page 115
[5] Mediations Of First Philosophy, page 118

Why Designers Are Responsible for Societies Social Structure


By: Whitney Hill
Created: November 2012 / Posted: July 23, 2013

There is a problem.  An epidemic, a sickness fragmenting our societies very fiber and woefully little is being done to eradicate it. This debilitating problem, plague to sanity, endangers over a third of the world’s population; the end is not nigh. I’m of course talking about the disease of the designers.

            It can be argued that the sole purpose of a designer is to constantly create and destroy, which in turn creates a correlation with the individuals who purchase, use and discard what’s been generated. What the affluent designer assumes is needed for the community becomes implemented and unless a thorough user and market analysis is researched and taken into account, a flawed product becomes born. However, the imperfections of this bastard product (product of urban plans by architects, social structure by the lawmakers and government) at times become overlooked and instead scapegoated towards the ‘imperfections’ of the individuals who use them. I repeat, there is problem and it is with the ideology of the designer and their flawed product that alienates their users.

            The unfortunate consequence of using flawed ideology to make decisions for the masses is usually paired in conjunction with flawed terminology. The words themselves are weighed heavy when they are inaccurately paired to an unfamiliar demographic. Basically, the more incorrect guesses and assumptions there are about a community, the higher chance that the words that are used to describe said community become inaccurate.

More harm is done when these particular labels not only begin to stick, but also used to define the individuals within the particular community. A good example of this is the phrase “deaf and dumb” which was coined by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. He concluded that since (inaccurately so) deaf people were incapable of being taught and lacked rational thinking, basic cognitive abilities, that they were a burden to society, an ideation that was encouraged by the design of the Greek empire. The unfortunate longevity of the phrase “deaf and dumb” far outlived Aristotle and has plagued the deaf community ever since.[1] 
Indeed, the ‘disabled’ communities are not the only ones being mislabeled. Almost every community that strays from the norm when it comes to race, gender or creed also becomes ill defined and therefore underdeveloped by designers who are unfamiliar. The needs are hardly ever then addressed.

When a design for an object, floor plan or legislation is actually considered from a non-biased perspective - leaving pre-conceived notions and poor definitions aside – the “objects escape the boundaries of categorization [and] they become wild, and like the wild card in a pack of cards, can be used to take on different values according to the state of play of the game.”[2] Case in point, Apple’s iphone has been repeatedly praised by not only various ‘disabled’ communities (i.e. blind, deaf, autistic and cerebral palsy, to name a few) as well as the elderly community, but also by the already much designed for, mainstream market. A couple of the notable features include the software VoiceOver, which has been integrated with AssistiveTouch, Zoom and Maps and Guided Access. The inclusive features allow for easier access to map navigation (audio GPS tracker) and interpretation of text without depending solely on one’s personal mobility or technical understanding.[3] The idea and word of “limitation” becomes rethought as a much broader user base is brought together. The age-old designer concept of different looking people needing to be segregated from one another other and forced to use only what’s available for them - starts to loose its appeal and thus becomes economically unviable for a companies success.
In turn, with many electronic devices on the market that are usually split between aesthetic and function, the iphone does become a rare case of a highly popularized and universally sought after product that actually includes good/inclusive design and interface. It should be noted that other companies start to base their business models after inclusive design if it is shown that it has been viable and finically successful for other companies (i.e. How Android phones are now heavily influenced by Apple’s inclusively designed iphone)[4]. The design can directly change corporate ideation, if done right.

            The disease of the designers can be treated. It’s possible. The designer needs rehab, re-education. The remedy is surprisingly easy to understand. Simply by looking at the honest needs of the individuals within a specific group/demographic and designing an inclusive system that not only supports and empowers their community but the ‘mainstream’ as well, gets rid of conflicts dealing with lack of resources, improper handling, harmful terminology and destructive influencing of other communities. A higher quality of life is given to all members of society. A resuscitation of good design and designers can then be used to place the stepping-stones for a future of tolerance.









[1] http://www.aslinfo.com/trivia.html
[2] Judy Attfield, Wild Things: The Material Culture of Everyday Life (2000), page 74
[3] http://luisperezonline.com/2012/06/12/ios-6-accessibility-features-overview/
[4] http://uxdesign.smashingmagazine.com/2012/01/12/inclusive-design/